Data Analysis and Result
| Objective | Dependent Variable (Type) | Independent Variable (IV) | Type of IV | Level of IV | Statistical Decision | Non-Parametric |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| To identify the background sociodemographic characteristics associated with communication impairment in the elderly population | Cognitive-communication status (continuous) | Gender | Categorical | 2 (e.g., male, female) | Independent t-test | Mann-Whitney U |
| Ethnicity | Categorical | >2 (e.g., Malay, Chinese, Indian, Bumiputra) | One-way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis test | ||
| Age | Continuous | N/A | Pearson’s correlation | Spearman’s correlation | ||
| Education Level | Categorical | >2 (No School, Primary, secondary, tertiary) | One-way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis test | ||
| Marital Status | Categorical | >2 (married, single, widow or widower, divorcée or divorcé) | One-way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis test | ||
| Past Occupation | Categorical | 2 (e.g., professional, not professional) | Independent t-test | Mann-Whitney U | ||
| Current Occupation | Categorical | >2 (fulltime, part-time, volunteer, not working) | One-way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis test | ||
| Living Arrangement | Categorical | 2 (e.g., not with family, with family) | Independent t-test | Mann-Whitney U | ||
| Communication Partner Status | Categorical | 2 (e.g., active communication partner, not active communication partner) | Independent t-test | Mann-Whitney U | ||
| Comorbidities | Categorical | >2 | One-way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis test | ||
| Overall Health Status | Categorical | >2 | One-way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis test | ||
| Social Support | Categorical | >2 | One-way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis test | ||
| To investigate the relationship between oral frailty and communication impairment in older adults | Cognitive-communication status | Geriatric Oral Health Status | Categorical | >2 | One-way ANOVA | Kruskal-Wallis test |
| Number of Natural Teeth | Continuous | N/A | Pearson’s correlation | Spearman’s correlation | ||
| Denture Wearing | Categorical | 2 (e.g., yes, no) | Independent t-test | Mann-Whitney U | ||
| To compare communication skills between not-satisfactory oral health group with satisfactory oral health group | Communication skills (Continuous) | Oral health status | Categorical | 2 (Satisfactory, Not satisfactory) Satisfactory oral health: Gohai score 60-51 Not satisfactory health: Gohai Score <50 |
Independent t-test / Chi-square test | Mann-Whitney U test / Fisher’s Exact test |
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